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Five a day (or more) of fruits and vegetables

 

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Healthy heart foods to reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease

 

 

HEALTHY HEART FOODS

What are the key foods that will best ensure the health of your heart and blood circulation?

A recent major study reported in the British Medical Journal (see the reference in the 'total combined effect' section) found that by eating the following six 'super-foods' on a daily basis you can reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease by a staggering 75%!  Considering that cardiovascular diseases are the no.1 cause of death and disability in most Western societies, it is certainly worth paying attention to this research this is likely to have the greatest positive impact on your health and well-being in the long run (next to taking regular physical exercise and stopping smoking, of course).

All the foods on the list are commonly found in food shops and restaurants, relatively inexpensive, and easy to include in your daily diet.  And as you can see, the fruit and vegetables of the 5-a-day and spectrum sections are already part of this list.

 

 

Incidentally, you'll notice that the foods listed here also make up a large part of what is generally referred to as the 'Mediterranean diet', thought to be among the healthiest food regimes anywhere in the world and consequently endorsed by the likes of the American Heart Association.  For example a typical meal consisting of grilled fish served with ratatouille and a side salad (drizzled perhaps with a light dressing of lemon juice, olive oil and crushed garlic) and accompanied by a glass of chilled white or rosé wine, followed by some fresh fruits and almonds/nuts, ticks just about every box on this list in one go, and gives you a whole spectrum of colours too!

 

FOOD PORTION AND FREQUENCY REDUCTION IN RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
 
REFERENCE SOURCE
Wine 150 ml (= medium glass) daily 32%  (23-41% range within 95% confidence interval) Di Castelnuovo A, Rotondo S, Iacoviello L, Donati MB, De Gaetano G. Meta-analysis of wine and beer consumption in relation to vascular risk. Circulation 2002;105: 2836-44
Garlic (preferably uncooked) 2.5 to 3 grams (= ca. ½ clove) daily 25%  (21-27% within 95% C.I.)

The reduction in cardiovascular disease risk results from the estimated reduction of total cholesterol concentrations by 0.44 mmol/l (17.1 mg/dl).

Ackermann RT, Mulrow CD, Ramirez G, Gardner CD, Morbidoni L, Lawrence VA. Garlic shows promise for improving some cardiovascular risk factors. Arch Intern Med 2001;161: 813-24
Fruit and vegetables 400 grams (= 14-16 oz) daily 21%  (14–27% within 95% C.I.)

The reduction in cardiovascular disease risk results from the estimated reduction of systolic blood pressure by 4.0 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.5 mmHg.

John JH, Ziebland S, Yudkin P, Roe LS, Neil HA. Effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on plasma antioxidant concentrations and blood pressure: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359: 1969-74
Fish 110 to 120 grams (4-5 oz) three to four times a week 14%  (8-19% within 95% C.I.) Whelton SP, He J, Whelton PK, Muntner P. Meta-analysis of observational studies on fish intake and coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2004;93: 1119-23
Almonds 70 grams (= ca. ½ cup or large handful; 2.5 oz) daily (see cautionary notes below) 12.5%  (10.5–13.5% within 95% C.I.)

The reduction in cardiovascular disease risk results from the estimated reduction of total cholesterol concentrations by 0.26 mmol/l (10 mg/dl).

Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Marchie A, Parker TL, Connelly PW, Qian W, et al. Dose response of almonds on coronary heart disease risk factors: blood lipids, oxidized low-density lipoproteins, lipoprotein(a), homo-cysteine, and pulmonary nitric oxide: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Circulation 2002;106: 1327-32
Sabate J, Haddad E, Tanzman JS, Jambazian P, Rajaram S. Serum lipid response to the graduated enrichment of a step I diet with almonds: a randomized feeding trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77: 1379-84
Dark chocolate 100 grams (4 oz) daily (see cautionary notes below) 21%  (14–27% within 95% C.I.)

The reduction in cardiovascular disease risk results from the estimated reduction of systolic blood pressure by 5.1 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.8 mmHg.

Taubert D, Berkels R, Roesen R, Klaus W. Chocolate and blood pressure in elderly individuals with isolated systolic hypertension. JAMA 2003;290: 1029-30
Total combined effect Each of the above foods as described 76%  (63–84% within 95% C.I.)

The combined effect is calculated by multiplication of individual reduction rates.

Franco OH, Bonneux L, de Laet C, Peeters A, Steyerberg EW, Mackenbach JP. The Polymeal: a more natural, safer, and probably tastier (than the Polypill) strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 75% BMJ 2004;329: 1447-1450

 

Notes:

  • The portions shown above are the amounts calculated to achieve the stated effect based on the studies referenced.  It is not known whether these are the optimal amounts; consuming more fruits/vegetables and fish could have a greater beneficial effect.  The exception is wine, where exceeding the above daily recommendation may result over time in some of the negative effects associated with excess alcohol consumption, which in turn may effectively cancel out the positive effects stated here.

  • Fish is included in generic terms only.  You should try to eat a mixture of both white and oily fish.

  • Wine is not specified as either red or white.  Various studies have shown that both can have a positive effect, although their effects may be slightly different.

 

Some words of caution regarding chocolate and almonds:

  • Almonds contain over 50% fat (granted, it’s the ‘good sort’, but fat nevertheless). This means that the recommended 70 grams contains 35-40 grams of fat. Together with the protein (25%) and carbohydrate (10%), the daily 70 grams of almonds provides over 400 kcal of energy.  In fact, 70 grams of almonds is quite a large amount, around 3/4 of a typical retail pack found in supermarkets, and you might want to consider consuming a smaller amount.  Incidentally, please avoid salted roasted almonds, as the salt content (and in some cases added fat) won’t do you any good.  If you can find unblanched almonds with the brown ‘skin’ on, so much the better.

  • Chocolate – even high quality dark chocolate with 70% or more cocoa solids – contains 40-50% by weight of both sugar and fat.  Therefore the recommended daily 100 grams is bound to give you over 500 kcal of energy.  Again, the 100 grams of chocolate shown above is in practice quite a large portion, and you might want to consider reducing it:  half the amount will probably provide you with at least some of the health benefits while significantly reducing your calorie intake.  And if you are going to take in the calories, you might as well go for the best quality dark chocolate you can find, and certainly try to avoid the cheap and nasty stuff that has more sugar than anything else.

 

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